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What is degenerative disc disease?
Intervertebral discs are cushions between the vertebrae. They act as shock absorbers that cushion the spine and allow the vertebrae to rock back and forth with motion. The discs are composed of a spongy center and a covering called the annulus. As a part of the normal aging process, the discs can degenerate. As this degeneration occurs, the disc becomes more susceptible to injury. These injuries may include tears to the annulus and/or bulging or herniation of the disc. All these injuries can compress nerves or nerve roots causing pain. This degeneration is most commonly found in the low back (lumbar spine) followed by the neck (cervical spine). However, DDD can occur in any area of the spine.
What are the symptoms of degenerative disc disease?
Symptoms include pain in the affected area of the spine or pain and/or numbness in the arms or legs depending on the affected area. DDD is diagnosed by physical examination and x-rays or other diagnostic tests.
What treatments are available for degenerative disc disease?
Most patients find relief with non-surgical treatments. The most important of these is a program of physical therapy. Trunk strengthening exercises, which tone the back and abdominal muscles, can help support weakened spines and decrease pain. Good posture and body mechanics will help reduce pain and further degeneration of the spine. A physical therapist often helps patients begin a program, which can be continued at home. Braces are sometimes ordered to provide additional support and relief.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as Ibuprofen, are helpful in pain reduction. Occasional mild narcotics may provide some relief. Occasionally patients receive steroid injections into the spine for pain relief.
Surgical options are available for patients who do not respond to non-surgical treatments. This may involve removal of the disc (discectomy), decompression of the nerves, or spinal fusion.
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